Since COVID 19, people have not been allowed to attend horse racing meetings around Ireland. However, over in England, they have been able to get owners in the door. Andrew Blair White talked to racehorse owner, Joshua Stacey and Racing Journalist, Jack Dawling about their experiences on track recently. They also talk about looking forward to returning to the track soon and what makes a day at the races so special.
Tag: Sport
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Home advantage remains despite crowd restrictions in League of Ireland

Picture from Pixabay. COVID-19 restrictions have seen crowd numbers drastically reduced in the League of Ireland. Nathan Davies analyses the results of the 2020 campaign to see just how much of an impact fans have on Irish football.
On the 7th of March 2020, Sligo Rovers kicked off against Shamrock Rovers in front of a crowd of 2,342 supporters – it turned out to be the last match played in the league for almost five months.
Following government recommendation, the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) suspended all football matches nationwide just five days after that Sligo game. When the league finally returned on the 31st of July, the landscape of Irish football had changed dramatically. Stadiums were empty. The roars of support were gone, and with them went much of the spirit of the game for many fans.
Under the government’s “Living with Covid” plan, an outdoor event could be watched by a limit of 200 people. In practice, most of the 200-person allowance was taken up by players, staff and matchday officials. This left only a few dozen fans able to attend. This was a far cry from the thousands that attended stadiums around the country before March.
Fans are considered integral to football. Often referred to as “the 12th man”, they bring an atmosphere to the game that pushes their team to do better. Figures from the League of Ireland seem to support this; a team playing in front of their own fans is likely to win 45% of the time, draw 24% of the time and lose just 31% of games.
With the number of fans attending matches now limited or gone entirely, we looked at the League of Ireland results post-lockdown and compared them to previous seasons to see exactly how empty stadiums are affecting matches.
The results may come as a surprise.
Since the return of football in Ireland in July, the win percentage of home teams sits at 44% – just a 1% difference from the previous season, and the same percentage as both 2017 and 2018. This would suggest that the lack of fans has had little impact on the likelihood of a home victory.
A similar metric of Points Per Game (PPG) reveals the same result:
The above graph shows that there has been little change in the success rate of the home team in the past 5 seasons, despite the lack of fans since the restart in 2020.
When factoring in wins and draws, the success of home teams this season is identical to last season. With home advantage remaining despite no crowds, questions are raised about what causes it. Many stars in the game have placed the blame on the effects of travelling long distances for the away team. However, in a country as small as Ireland, this might not be quite as relevant.
Research published in the England-based Journal of Sports Sciences suggests that the phenomenon of home advantage in football may be down to the home team feeling more comfortable in the familiarity of their own stadium.
While home advantage may not be impacted, one aspect of the game has been affected by the lack of crowds: goals.
Results since the restart have seen some of the lowest number of goals per game in League of Ireland history.
The average goals per game scored after the restart have been lower than the few matches that were played before March. The goals-to-game ratio this season has been one of the lowest seen in the League of Ireland since its formation in 1985.
The season has been marred by a surprisingly high number of scoreless draws and few high scoring results. While the results do not appear to be affected by the lack of crowds, it does seem that the number of goals scored along the way has diminished.
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First Women’s U20’s Team in Ireland
Trials for the very first Women’s U20’s Rugby team in Ireland are being held on Sunday December 13th at Rugby Academy Ireland. The City’s Ciaron Noble spoke with the co-founder of Rugby Academy Ireland Dan Van Zyl and the Head-Coach of the team and former Ireland international Fiona Hayes about this project.
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Capital Sports Roundup Podcast – Irish Cricket
Irish Women’s Cricket Captain, Laura Delany and Irish Men’s Cricket player, Harry Tector both talked to thecity.ie Andrew Blair White about their aspirations for the 2021 season. They also discuss what it’s like to be an elite sports player in the current COVID 19 restrictions and how this time has helped them make key adjustments and refinements to their game.
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Andy Farrell’s first Six Nations in stats

Copyright free photo from Pixabay. After a strong 32-9 victory vs Wales on Friday night in the first round of the Autumn Nations Cup, Ireland’s attention turns to Twickenham on Saturday where they’ll face Eddie Jones’s England. Ireland’s Head Coach Andy Farrell is keen to improve on his first Six Nations campaign which only concluded a little During his first competitive competition the English man won all of his home games, but failed to get a victory on the road versus both England and France finishing 3rd in the final standings. Ciaron Noble explores this in statistics.
Ireland’s Head Coach Andy Farrell is keen to improve on his first Six Nations campaign which only concluded a little over two weeks ago. During his first competitive competition the English man won all of his home games, but failed to get a victory on the road versus both England and France finishing 3rd in the final standings. His predecessor Joe Schmidt was at the helm for Ireland for six years from 2013-19, with a 78% winning ratio. During his time in-charge he won three Six Nations championships including one Grand Slam in 2018, he led Ireland to their first victories against New Zealand in Chicago in 2016 and on home-soil in 2018, Ireland also became the top ranked team in the world for the first time in their history. However, the New Zealand born coach had a disappointing 2019 both in the SN (finishing 3rd) and the World Cup in Japan, failing to progress further than the quarter-final, a goal that continues to haunt Irish Rugby.
But how did Farrell’s first SN’s campaign as the head man compare to the previous campaign when Schmidt was the man behind the wheel. Let’s look at the stats, according to the SN official statistics and ESPN.
The fact that the stats for the last two campaigns are quite similar isn’t overly surprising as both coaches had similar fates winning three games and losing twice. Farrell was of course a part of Schmidt’s coaching ticket, being the defence coach for three years between 2016-19, involved in some of Ireland’s greatest moments, before taking over as head coach after the 2019 World Cup in Japan.
The jury is still out on whether or not Farrell is the man to lead Ireland to re-discover their brilliant form of 2018, although it’s important to remember he’s only 6 games into tenure and with three more games to come in the Autumn Nations Cup over the next few weeks. They find themselves in a group with Wales, England and Georgia. France, Scotland, Italy and Fiji make up the other pool. Ireland will play each team in their pool and their final opponents will be based on where they finish in the group and who is in the corresponding position in the other group. They’ve already beaten Wales.
Many people/pundits believe that it’s possible Schmidt’s game-plan and selections were becoming predictable towards the end of his reign, but in actual fact the old boss used a total of 36 players in his 2019 SN campaign whereas the new used two players on 34. Although Farrell introduced a lot of new blood during his first competition as manager including players like Caelan Dorris, Will Connors and Max Deegan. After a four-year World Cup cycle, it is very common for a batch of new players to become involved as the building process for the next World Cup ultimately starts. All seven debutants that made their first international cap play for Leinster, this isn’t surprising considering the province’s domestic success in recent times, making the European Cup final in two of the last three seasons. James Lowe made his international debut on Friday night on the wing versus Wales, scoring a try and putting in a great performance.
In the 2019 SN Ireland conceded the most number of turnovers more than any other team on 80 whereas under Farrell in the 2020 instalment of the tournament Ireland only conceded 56 turnovers’ the second lowest behind England. The men in green lead on the turnovers won stat for 2020, out in front with 35. Backrow CJ Stander made the most steals of any other player in the whole competition leading with 7 turnovers. Four Irish players were included in the top 10 for this particular stat. Although, Ireland’s turnover in the tackle was the lowest of the six countries, only managing to do it six times throughout the five games.
In terms of defence and tackles, last year Ireland had a successful tackle rate 86%, whereas in this year’s SN it improved slightly to an 88.5% success rate. Second-row James Ryan was the leading Irish player on the tackle count with 65, Stander in second with 61 tackles. However, Ireland did have the lowest number of dominant tackles with only 58.
It’s fair to say Ireland have been relatively below par in the last two SN campaigns, failing to reach the successful heights of 2018. Andy Farrell has three more games to finish his first year as head coach. He’ll be hoping for four victories and to finish 2020 on a high.
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Soccer Sisters launch virtual coaching for aspiring women’s soccer players
Gavin Dalton speaks with FAI women’s administrator Rachel Graham about the recent, first of it’s kind virtual Soccer Sisters hub for the October Mid-term break.
With Covid-19 preventing the usual week long camp style delivery of the popular Soccer Sisters programme, Aviva along with the FAI improvised to continue the coaching via a virtual delivery for participating girls to practice and hone their skills from the comfort of their own back garden. With video tutorials from Irish soccer stars Jessica Ziu and Isabeal Atkinson, the Soccer Sisters provided new skills and techniques for each day of the week for aspiring young women’s soccer players to replicate at home. Gavin Dalton spoke with one of the event’s organisers Shelbourne and the Republic of Ireland’s Rachel Graham about how the week went.
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How much does sports contribute to the high COVID case numbers?
All local sports clubs and gyms are completely closed now, taking away a necessary outlet for exercise and mental health from many nationwide. Conn McGillion investigates whether sports activities were spreading the Covid-19 virus.

Photo taken by TLC Photography. Sourced from Flickr. From June to August, there have been only fourteen positive cases reported nationwide across all sports clubs within GAA, rugby and football, according to documents received by the HSE in accordance with the FOI (Freedom of Information) act. According to the documents, under five of these cases were reported from within Dublin, and the other nine cases were scattered around the rest of the country. These cases came after all sports clubs had restrictions lifted in June to train in a controlled environment.
Prior to the second lockdown, diagnosed cases were at an all time high. 1000+ case daily have become the norm from August to September. Only fourteen cases nationwide across three months is indicative that sports clubs, and gyms, are not a primary spreader at all in comparison to the likes of restaurants and factories. In fact, many of those cases come from one isolated incident.
An example of this would be in the GAA. Claughan United in Limerick had tested a player positive in mid-August, and the safety precautions were immediately taken. The player, who was asymptomatic, was instantly placed in quarantine, along with the entire club and the local rugby club, Shannon RFC. Claughan released a statement at the time, suspending all club activities indefinitely, after careful consideration was given to correct procedures regarding self-isolation and efficient testing.
The majority of the cases came from a club in Clare, Cratloe. Cratloe had six players who tested positive for Covid on the 7th of August. While they quarantined those initial positive cases on the day, they initially continued their activities – as the virus began to spread, they were forced to abruptly put a stop to their training.
While cases such as these are reckless, they are not indicative of how the majority of sports clubs react – many of the sports clubs are happy to abide by the government guidelines, and adhere to them properly. Sports-related case numbers are not comparable to large outbreaks in the likes of meat factories and pubs.
The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) has recorded 2,736 outbreaks in other settings such as nursing homes, workplaces and private houses. It is also reported 1,500 cases alone were reported from meat factories. Clusters, which involve more than one outbreak case, are commonplace in these more social areas.
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Hell in a Cell Review – The Age of Orton dawns again
Randy Orton claims his fourteenth World title, Roman Reigns dominates Universal title defence. Conn McGillion reviews everything that went down in Hell in a Cell.

Wikimedia- Creative Commons License Hell in a Cell is always a brutal affair. One of the most vicious shows on the WWE calendar, the Hell in a Cell match sees a massive cell-like structure fastened around the entire ring. All of the cell doors are locked, with two wrestlers trapped inside the cell. Chaos usually ensued. The 2020 edition of the Hell in a Cell lived up to that brutality in unique fashion, with milestones and major story advancement capping off a fantastic show.
WWE Championship- Randy Orton def Drew McIntyre © – This match was a brilliant culmination to this stellar rivalry. The match was aggressive and vicious from the get go. At various points in the match, both McIntyre and Orton used the cell as a ‘weapon’. There were several call-backs to the previous matches that the two had over the last few months. Orton realising he could not out wrestle McIntyre, he took the match outside of the ring and used as many weapons as he could get his hands on. He also broke open the cell door, and scaled the entire twelve foot Hell in a Cell, luring McIntyre up there to battle atop the massive structure.
The fall through the table played a major part in McIntyre’s downfall. When both Orton and McIntyre were climbing back down the Cell, Orton would knock McIntyre off the cell walls. This caused him to fall almost twelve feet through the announcer table. After a brief finishing exchange, Orton would hit his patented RKO finisher to defeat McIntyre. The victory would prove to be Orton’s record breaking fourteenth world title. McIntyre had a brilliant run with the championship on Raw, but Orton was absolutely the right man to dethrone him. 2020 has been the year of Randy Orton in every way, and another WWE Championship is only the cherry on top.
Universal Championship- Roman Reigns © def Jey Uso – This rivalry could perhaps go down as one of the most personal and riveting rivalries of recent times. In a rematch from Clash of Champions in September, these cousins go head to head for Smackdown’s top belt – the Universal title. And this match was an ‘I Quit’ match. In order to gain a victory, you must force your opponent to say ‘I Quit’. And, in this emotional battle, Roman Reigns truly forced his cousin to say ‘I Quit’.
The bitter rivalry between the two real life cousins comes completely from a matter of pride. Reigns demands to be acknowledged as the ‘Tribal Chief’ of their Samoan family – the head of the family table and the main provider to the household. However, the younger Jey Uso believes he has what it takes to be the Tribal Chief – he is sick of being overlooked. Jey needs to prove he is more than just Roman Reigns’ cousin.
Jey took a pounding early from Reigns. Throughout the match, Reigns was almost scolding Jey. “It didn’t have to be this way, it didn’t have to come to this,” he said. All Jey had to do was acknowledge Reigns. But, Jey’s heart shined through in this match. Jey fought back with several vicious forearms and superkicks to try to weather his older cousin’s storm. At one point, Jey even brought out the Samoan strap, which is synonymous with their Samoan culture, and beat his cousin senseless with it. However, Reigns soon got control of the strap himself, and the real beatings began. Jey cried out in agony, and all the time you could hear Reigns bellowing at Jey. “I do the whippings around here!” Soon, it came to a point where the referees were threatening to stop the match. Reigns beatings were going far beyond the point of competition. However, throughout the match, Jey refused to quit. So, Reigns refused to stop beating his cousin.
It was only when Jimmy Uso, Jey’s brother, intervened, and Reigns other cousin. Jimmy shielded a beaten Jey with his own body, and begged Reigns to stop. Reigns himself seem to concede then- breaking down in tears, he even told Jimmy he wasn’t sure who he was anymore. Only when Jimmy seemed to accept Reigns ‘apology’, and the two men shook hands, did Reigns reveal his true colours. He grabbed Jimmy immediately in a guillotine choke, and it could have been a matter of moments until he was unconscious. It is only when a dazed Jey saw his own brother being choked out, did he finally bellow ‘I Quit’. And, the Tribal Chief proved his dominance.
This match needs to be watched, whether you are a wrestling fan or not. The entire story arc, the family split, and the brutal ending makes this a contender for match of the year. Roman Reigns is undoubtedly the top wrestler on Smackdown, and maybe even the entire WWE. But, he is without any doubt, the Tribal Chief.
Smackdown Women’s Championship – Sasha Banks def Bayley © – This was a fantastic, gruelling match, that was a fitting culmination to the personal rivalry between the two former friends. The use of the chair in the finishing sequence was very good. Bayley used a steel chair to attack Banks months ago, and injure her. It was fitting that Banks used the chair to get her vengeance, and capture the title. The two women were certainly creative with their offense – the use of the kendo sticks in several instances only added to the animosity between the two. Overall, the result was a satisfactory one – with Banks once more vengefully taking the crown, and winning another Women’s championship from her bitter former ally.
The Miz def Otis – The Money in the Bank contract – This was a decent match designed to change the Money in the Bank Contract to the Miz. The Money in the Bank briefcase gives the holder the right to ‘cash in’ on any champion they like, at any time. It essentially gives the holder a world title match on their own terms. Otis has held the contract since June, but in a quick, solid match – the Miz wrenched it from the lovable powerhouse. The true story of this match is the betrayal. Tucker, Otis’ tag team partner, turned on Otis- costing him the match, and the contract. The change was to be expected – Otis was not truly ready for a world title match, and the veteran Miz having the briefcase re-establishes the former World champion as a threat once again.
United States Championship- Bobby Lashley © def Slapjack – This match was a glorified domination. These two men represented two different factions on Raw in a ‘gang war’ of sorts that has been waging across Raw the last few months. The suited and suave ‘Hurt Business’ were represented here by champion Bobby Lashley- the powerhouse of the group. And, the masked gang of anarchists Retribution, were represented here by ‘Slapjack’.
This match was over in a matter of moments- the much more imposing Lashley tossing around his masked adversary, and finishing him off quickly with his Full Nelson submission. Post match, other members of Retribution attempted to jump Lashley. However, the Hurt Business came to their allies aid- all four driving away the masked rebels before any damage could be done.
Elias def Jeff Hardy via DQ – There is little to this match to talk about. It was over in a matter of minutes, with Hardy smacking Elias over the back with Elias’ own guitar. The measure of revenge was sweet- Elias had been assaulting Hardy with a guitar several times over the last few weeks. However, the result was cheap, and served as a purpose to stretch the rivalry on.
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Huge moves completely reinvent the two WWE brands
The Draft is always an exciting time for WWE fans. Over the last week, a shocking change of rosters continued to happen, and there was no shortage of unexpected changes. Conn McGillion looks at both the positive, and negative changes and how it will affect both the wrestler, and the show they have been sent to.

Photo taken by Miguel Discart. Sourced from Flickr. Positive – AJ Styles, Smackdown to Raw-Styles has always claimed Smackdown is the ‘House that AJ Styles built’. Styles is a twenty year veteran, who is a former two time WWE World champion and also a former Intercontinental Champion during his on and off again, four year tenure on the Smackdown show. However, being moved to the Raw show opens up a series of new fresh possibilities for Styles; plenty of new opponents to wrestle. Such as the likes of WWE Champion Drew McIntyre, who Styles has never competed against previously. Or, perhaps wrestling some newer superstars such as the big man Keith Lee, there are many interesting, fresh possibilities for AJ Styles now he is on Raw.
Negative – Matt Riddle, Smackdown to Raw Having just been moved to Smackdown from NXT, Riddle fit into Smackdown like a glove, bro. The composed, chilled ‘Bro’ is known for his laid back attitude outside the ring, yet his incredible intensity within, so he was a natural fit for the more athletically driven Smackdown show. He has already had a series of brilliant matches against AJ Styles and Baron Corbin on Smackdown. It seemed as if Riddle could be primed to face Sami Zayn for the Intercontinental Title; however, the change to Raw sees ‘the Bro’ swimming in a very deep talent pool. It will be more of a struggle for Riddle to make his mark on the more crowded Raw show.
Positive – Seth Rollins, Raw to Smackdown. Seth Rollins presents a very unexpected change to the WWE landscape. ‘The Monday Night Messiah’, has dominated Raw ever since the Brand Split started in 2016, when the roster was split in two, to wrestle on Raw and Smackdown separately. He has not appeared on Smackdown in those four years, and a change of scenery for the former Universal Champion is perhaps needed; he has exhausted most rivalries with most top wrestlers on Raw. Several intriguing new conflicts on the Smackdown brand with the likes of Big E, Jey Uso and Daniel Bryan all presenting completely new rivals. Outside of the Universal champion Roman Reigns, Rollins is now undoubtedly the biggest villain on Smackdown and there is no doubt he will take full opportunity of the new landscape.
Negative – Jeff Hardy, Smackdown to Raw. Jeff had been on fire on Smackdown. The twenty eight year veteran had a sudden career resurgence in 2020. He defeated rival AJ Styles for the Intercontinental Championship. And, he had a fantastic ladder match with both Styles and Sami Zayn at Clash of Champions. Now, with an unexpected move to Raw – and having lost the championship – the resurgence for Jeff has seem to come to a grinding halt. He has been moved down the card to possibly be on the losing end of a rivalry with Elias. The sudden shift to Raw in the midst of a brilliant Smackdown run has more harm than good for Jeff now.
Positive – Street Profits (Smackdown Tag ©). The tag team champions changing brands is exactly what was needed. The Street Profits, who were the Raw tag team champions before the Draft, and the New Day, who were Smackdown tag champions before the Draft, have switched brands. This is the first time the brand-exclusive champions have been drafted to the other show in the same Draft.
The resolution seemed simple, but was in fact the first time it ever happened. The two teams simply swapped titles – now the Street Profits reign as Smackdown tag champions, and the New Day as Raw tag team champions. This change was desperately needed for both teams. But, primarily the Street Profits. The Street Profits have dominantly defeated every tag team on Raw; they defeated almost every tag team on the red show. It seemed unrealistic for any team to defeat the duo but, now that they appear on Smackdown exclusively, in many ways, it is a restart for the Profits.
Positive – New Day (Raw Tag ©) As for the New Day, there is little they have not done for the tag division. The trio of charismatic athlets have dominated both Raw and Smackdown tag divisions with nine WWE tag titles under their belt between both shows. Being moved back to Raw will benefit the newer tag teams; the likes of the Viking Raiders and the Hurt Business, who are relatively new compared to the six years New Day have been together, will benefit immensely from the expertise of the New Day. Despite Big E remaining on Smackdown and splitting from the other two Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods will still excel on their own as the Raw tag team champions.
Negative – Keith Lee, stays on Raw- Keith Lee remaining on Raw is not necessarily bad. The former NXT champion quickly established himself as a main eventer immediately as soon as he arrived on Raw; putting away former twelve time world champion Randy Orton in your first Pay per view match is making a huge statement.
There is no doubt Lee will remain in the Raw main event scene – and rightfully so – but, he has already wrestled top Raw stars Randy Orton, and Drew McIntyre several times in the span of two months. A change of scenery could have completely flipped the script, there are many fresh, exciting match opportunities for Lee on Smackdown.
Positive – Big E, stays on Smackdown.- Many fans seem to be disappointed that Big E has been split away from the New Day – don’t be. The New Day, the trio of Kofi Kingston, Xavier Woods and Big E, have teamed for six years, and have done everything there is to do in WWE’s tag team division. But, Big E decided to break away on his own in 2020. Big E has brought heat over the last couple of months as a singles wrestler-defeating the likes of former four time World champion Sheamus in impressive fashion, Big E seems to be blazing his way to the top.
Without having to worry about tag team responsibilities, Big E has no roadblocks on battling his way to the very top of the singles mountain, and perhaps, he could be the one to dethrone Roman Reigns. Roman Reigns has looked unstoppable ever since he won the Universal Title which is the Smackdowns show top title. But, Roman has never wrestled someone quite like Big E – unproven, yet hungry. Once this match happens, it will be huge for both men- and there’ll be no doubt in anyone’s mind that Big E remaining on Smackdown is the perfect fit for the powerhouse.
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Uncertain times leaving Irish racecourses in the dark
One of the industries hit the hardest by the pandemic has been the horse racing industry, with behind closed doors race meetings having been implemented back in March. Andrew Blair White explores the massive struggles this has caused for racecourses in Ireland.

Photo taken Coldy Banks. Sourced from Flickr. Leopardstown Racecourse would have looked at the year of 2020 with such optimism when entering the new calendar year. Massive renovations have been made to some of the on-course sites, making racing much more attractive for the average fan. After having a very successful Dublin Racing Festival in early February 2020, they only could host two more meetings this year before the initial lockdown of Ireland ensued in March.
Tim Husbands, the CEO of Leopardstown Racecourse, has admitted to what has been a challenging time for all involved. “At Leopardstown, we were all looking forward to hosting some magnificent summer action and to get some big crowds in the gates.
“The Bulmers Live Series has been very successful throughout the summer months in the last few years. Leopardstown Racecourse has firmly established itself at the forefront of raceday entertainment in Ireland, Bulmers Live is the epitome of this with unrivalled acts playing after racing during the summer months.”
However, this has not been able to take place this summer – as racing was only allowed to continue behind closed doors. In fact, for the majority of the meetings at Leopardstown, owners of the horses themselves were not permitted to attend. This has cut off a lot of potential revenue streams for the course, with big gate receipts to have been expected for the Bulmers Live Series, Champions Day and of course, the Christmas Festival.
Despite all of this, Leopardstown have tried their level best to keep all their members in the loop with regular updates at all times. They pride themselves on their membership service, with tempting deals to entice new and younger people to the course with their Club 30 Membership package. Husbands added: “In these unprecedented times and with still so much uncertainty in relation to Covid 19 and racing, Leopardstown continues to operate in a dynamic backdrop that has in turn proven challenging to communicate with any degree of certainty as to when we can open our doors safely to both our valued members, but also the general public in the months to come.”
In continuing to drive their own high standards of membership care, Leopardstown have offered two options to members – to refund or replace this year’s membership. Given the lack of money coming through the door from gate receipts, this is a very good touch from the professional outlook. However, one must wonder how long this can carry on for. Leopardstown are in a strong position that they have solid sponsoring and brilliant facilities to work with. This is not the case for some other Irish racecourses, where the facilities are that bit more basic and they don’t have the big name races to keep the show on the road.
Given the uncertainty of when it looks like members and the public can go back to their respective tracks, it leaves the racecourses themselves in the dark. When can they plan for reopening the doors? When can they ensure members they will get fair value for membership? When can they let on-course bookmakers return? These are all questions that remain unanswered, and as a result, set out a terrifying precedent for racecourses in the future.
Leopardstown are doing an exemplary job right now, but how long can this feasibly last without guidance, or at worst, without hope.

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